Turabian Citations
When you use the words or original ideas of another person in your writing, you need to document, or give credit to, the sources of those words or ideas. If exact words from the original are used, quotation marks are necessary. If you paraphrase or restate the idea in your own words, quotation marks are not required, but documentation of the source is still necessary. There are several different formats for citation. This page explains the Turabian format. When using the Turabian format, identify your sources with footnotes or endnotes, as well as in a bibliography at the end of your paper.
Footnotes and Endnotes
Footnotes or endnotes are used to identify your sources of information. The footnote or endnote is identified by a superscript (above the line) number at the end of the information to be referenced.
According to Fruchtman, Thomas Paine was hailed as a champion of individual liberties in England after the publication of Paine's pamphlet, Common Sense.1
Use a new number each time you present a new quote or paraphrase, even if you use only one or two sources. Notes are arranged in numerical order at the bottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the paper (endnotes). See below for an example of endnotes. Footnotes would have a similar look.
If you have a type of source not covered in the examples below, see the Turabian book itself.
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Book |
1. Jack Fruchtman Jr., Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1994), 64. |
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Preceding work, same page |
2. Ibid. |
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Preceding work, different page |
3. Ibid., 81. |
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Magazine article |
4. Denis Macshane, "No Paine, No Gain," History Today, September 1996: 53. Available [Online]: MasterFILE Elite Search: thomas paine. [8 July 1999]. |
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Another reference to Fruchtman's book |
5. Fruchtman, Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom, 125. |
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Online encyclopedia article |
6. "Paine, Thomas" in Encyclopedia Britannica Online, (1999). Available [Online]: < http://search.eb.com> [23 July 1999]. |
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Book with an editor |
7. Jack Goldstone, ed., Who's Who in Political Revolutions (Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1999), 119-120. |
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Web document (with author)/right> |
8. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, (1792). Available [Online]: [8 July 1999]. |
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Work within a larger work |
9. George Spater, "American Revolutionary, 1774-89," in Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine, ed. Ian Dyke (New York: St. Martin's Press,1988), 37. |
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Journal article with two authors |
10. Carla H. Hay and Jay E. Smith, "Thomas Paine and the Religion of Nature," Historian 58 (Spring 1996): 642. |
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